Te Kōura
Unuhanga a Tama
Nā Hana Pōmare i tuhi
Nā Hēni Jacob i whakamāori
Ka pau ōna rā ki te hāereere haere i ngā toka i runga ake o te huamo o te tai, me te tākaro haere i ngā hōpua o te ākau i raro iho. Ka noho, ka noho, ā, ka whānau mai ko āna ake tamariki. Ā, ko te kōura nei tētahi.
Ko Rakahore te matua o ngā momo toka katoa, ā, ko Hinemurutoka tana tamāhine ātaahua. Riro ana a Tāwhaki i te kaha purotu o Hinemurutoka. Ka moe rāua, ā, ka puta ake he tama mā rāua, ko Kāmaka te ingoa. Pārekareka ana ki a Kāmaka te moana.
Ko ngā toka me ngā pieretanga i te ākau te tino kāinga o te kōura. Ā, koinei i āhua māmā ai ki ō tātou tūpuna te hopu. He kai nui te pūmua, nui te kohuke, he kai hauora tonu.
I neherā, hopukina ai te kōura ki te ringa tonu, ā, ki te tāruke anō. E ai ki te kōrero, heoi anō tāu, he kuhu atu i tō ringa ki ngā wāhi tokatoka o raro i te wai, ki ngā pieretanga rānei, ā, ka mau he kōura – inā kē tōna huhua i taua wā.
Ko te hanga o ngā tāruke a te Māori i mua, ko te hanga tonu o ngā mea o nāianei. Heoi anō te mea e rerekē ana, ko te rawa i hangaia ai. Ko ngā mea o mua, i hangaia ki te rākau i whakapikoa, ki te maihea me te harakeke. Ko ō nāianei, he mea hanga ki te maitai, ā, ka nui te taumaha o te maitai hei kawe i te taonga ki te takere o te moana.
Te Mahi Kōura me te Tiaki i te Puna Kōura
He tino kai tonu te kōura i ēnei rā, e manakohia ana e te Māori me Tauiwi. Engari he kai e āta tiakina ana kia toitū tonu ai te kōura ki te mata o te moana, kia hauora tonu ai te puna.
I Aotearoa nei, e whakatakina ana te mahi kōura e Te Kāhui Whakataki Kōura o te Motu. He māngai nō tēnā, nō tēnā hunga aru kōura kei te rōpū nei, arā, nō te hunga mahi kōura hei kaupapa pakihi mā rātou, nō te hunga whai taunahatanga ika, nō ngā Māori mahi kōura hei kaupapa pārekareka noa, me ētahi rōpū manaaki i te taiao. I ia tau ka whakatakoto whakaaro te kāhui nei ki Te Manatū Ahumahi Mātāmua mō te rahi o te kōura kia mau i te 12 marama e tū mai ana, me ētahi mahi kia mahia e toitū tonu ai te puna kōura, e taea tonutia ai te mahi kōura i ngā rā kei te heke iho.
I ōna wā anō ka puta te whakatau a te kāhui nei kia aukatia te mahi kōura i tētahi takiwā, kia tino pai ai te whakaputa uri a ngā kōura ki reira, ā, kia hoki haere mai ai te rahi o te kōura i taua takiwā.
Kua takoto he ture, he waeture anō mō te mahi kōura i Aotearoa, i runga i te āhua o ngā rōpū e mahi kōura ana. Nō reira he ture, he waeture mō te hunga mahi tauhokohoko, mō te hunga mahi pārekareka, me ērā o te iwi Māori koirā tā rātou mahi mai i rā anō.
Te Pūnaha Whakahaere Haonga Ika
Nō te tau 1986 i whakamanahia ai te Pūnaha Whakahaere Haonga Ika, hei whakataki, hei tiaki i ngā puna ika i ngā moana o Aotearoa. I runga i taua pūnaha, ka āhei ngā kaihopu kōura tauhokohoko te hoko ‘taunahatanga ika’, e tohu ana i te rahi o tētahi momo ika, mātaitai rānei, e whakaaetia ana kia mau i a rātou i te tau kotahi.
Nā runga i te Tiriti o te tau 1840, i whakatūturutia ki te iwi Māori “te tino rangatiratanga o ō rātou whenua, o ō rātou kāinga, me ō rātou taonga katoa”, ā, ki tā te Māori titiro, kei roto tonu i tēnei ngā tauranga ika.
Heoi anō, kīhai i roa, ka kitea iho kua kore e tiakina e te pūnaha nei tēnei taonga i tohua i raro i te Tiriti.
Nō reira, i te tau 1989, ka whakamanahia i te whare pāremata te Ture Kaimoana Māori. I raro i tēnei ture, ka hokona mai anō e te kāwanatanga tētahi 10% o te taunahatanga ika kua riro kē i ngā kaihao ika tauhokohoko, ā, ka hoatu tēnei ki Te Ohu Kaimoana, hei whakahaere māna. Ko tā te rōpū nei, he whakatairanga, he hāpai i ngā hiahia o te iwi Māori mō te wāhi ki te ika me te kaimoana.
I ēnei rā, rā roto i ngā kerēme maha kua tatū ko te ika te kaupapa, kua noho ngā iwi Māori hei rangatira o tētahi wāhanga nui tonu o ngā taunahatanga ika, o ngā haonga ika e whakaaetia ana, ā, ko te kōura tētahi o ngā tino ika i te ao tauhokohoko.
Ngā Wai ko Aotearoa te Rangatira
He mea roherohe ngā wai huri katoa i Aotearoa ki ētahi takiwā whakahaere ika (FMA) tekau. Ko te whakatōpūtanga o ngā takiwā nei, ka kīia ko te Rohe Ōhanga Motuhake o Aotearoa (te EEZ). Ko te EEZ nei ngā moana e karapoti ana i Aotearoa ko Aotearoa tonu tōna rangatira – ko tātou ngā kaiwhakahaere, kei a tātou te tikanga mō ngā mahi kawea ai i tēnei rohenga moana nui tonu.
Te Mahi Ika hei Kaupapa Pārekareka Noa
He manomano ngā tāngata e rongo ana i ngā painga o te hao, o te hī i Aotearoa i ia tau, hei mahi pārekareka noa, hei ‘runaruna’ mā rātou. Arā ētahi ture e kore ai e kaha mimiti te puna ika i ngā mahi a tēnei hunga. Ko tā te nuinga o ngā ture nei, he tohu e hia ngā mātaitai, ngā ika rānei e whakaaetia ana e te ture kia mau, ā, kia pēhea te nui, te kaitā o ngā mea nei.
Ngā ture mō te mahi kōura
E whakaaetia ana te kohi kōura ki te ringa tonu, ki te tāruke rānei. I te nuinga o ngā moka o Aotearoa, kua mimiti te puna kōura, nō reira kua tahuri te tangata ki te ruku kōura i ngā wai hōhonu ake, me te whakamahi anō i te ngongohā, te ārai kanohi me te puoto hau.
E pai ana kia mau i te tangata kia ono ngā kōura i te rā kotahi, engari kia eke te whānui o ngā hiku ki tā te ture e tohu ana – he rerekē te whānui e whakaaetia ana mō te kōura toa me te uwha.
Mō te toa, kia kaua e whāiti ake i te 54mm te hiku, mō te uwha, kia kaua e whāiti ake i te 60mm.
Ā, kāore e whakaaaetia te tango i ngā uwha e awhi hua ana.
Te Mahi Ika a te Iwi Māori Mai i Rā Anō
I ia rohe, kei te iwi kāinga te tikanga mō te mahi ika mō ngā tangihanga me ērā atu hui Māori nui. Mā te iwi e tohu tētahi o rātou, koia hei kaitiaki mō ēnei āhuatanga. Ka āhei tēnei tangata te whakaae atu kia mau he ika maha ake i tērā ka whakaaetia e te ture, i ngā moana o taua iwi. Engari me whakaatu tonu te tangata e tono ana he aha te momo ika ka mau i a ia, arā, he kōura rānei, he pāua, he kina rānei, he pākirikiri, he aha atu.
Ka āhei anō te tangata whenua te tono kia poua he rāhui ki ētahi o ō rātou wāhi mahi ika, kia tohua hei rohe whakahaere motuhake. Kia āta tohua ēnei hei tāpuinga mātaitai, he taiāpure rānei.
Ngā tāpuinga mātaitai
Ko tētahi take e whakaritea ai he tāpuinga mātaitai, kia rahi haere anō te puna ika me ērā atu tini a Tangaroa ki tētahi wāhi. Engari he take atu anō i ētahi wā. He rerekē ngā tāpuinga mātaitai i ngā papa rāhui moana, i te mea kei te kaitiaki te mana ki te whakarerekē i ngā tikanga i ngā tāpuinga mātaitai. Hei tauira, ina kite ia kua hoki haere mai anō te nui o tētahi momo mātaitai, ka taea e ia te rāhui te hiki.
Ngā taiāpure
He mea whakatū ngā taiāpure hei whakatūturu i te noho taonga mai o ngā wai o tētahi takutai ki te/ngā iwi kāinga o reira. Tērā pea i noho taonga ai i te mea he tino tahua kai ki te iwi, he oranga tinana, tērā rānei he oranga wairua, he oranga ngākau, he oranga tikanga kē rānei kei taua wāhi.
Te Mahi Kōura hei Kaupapa Pakihi, hei Kaupapa Tauhokohoko
He mea āta whakataki te mahi kōura hei kaupapa pakihi i raro anō i te Pūnaha Whakahaere Haonga Ika. Nā runga i tēnei pūnaha, e whakaaetia ana kia mau i te hunga whai taunahatanga tētahi rahinga kōura i ia tau mā rātou.
Ko te rahinga, koia te rahi o kōura (ā-tana nei) e whakaaetia ana kia mau i ngā wai o Aotearoa. He mea whakatau te rahinga i ia tau mō te 12 marama kei mua tonu i te aroaro.
Ā, ka rerekē pea te rahinga i tēnā, i tēnā Takiwā Whakahaere Ika. Ina whakaritea te rahinga, ka āta whiriwhiria ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
He whanga whānui a Ōkahu i te taha tonga o Te Tai Poutini. Ko Kā Puka Māeroero e tū whakahī mai ana ki uta atu, ā, e rua ngā awa nui, a Arawhata me Waiatoto, e tūtaki ana ki te moana i tēnei whanga.
He paenoho tāngata iti kei te mutunga o te huarahi. Koia nei te pito whakatetonga rawa o Te Tai Poutini.
I te tau 1875, ko tōna 400 ngā Pākehā i tau mai ki Ōkahu mai i Ingarangi. Ko Ōkahu tētahi o ngā wāhi tino ruarua nei i Te Tai Poutini e āhua marumaru ana te whanga, ā, e ai ki ngā kōrero i taua wā, taihoa ka hangaia he wāpu, e māmā ai te taetae mai o ētahi rawa e mātua hiahiatia ana i reira, me te tukutuku atu o ētahi atu, pērā i te rākau hei papa, ki wāhi kē. Heoi anō, ko tērā wawata anō tērā. E 70 tau rawa e tāria ana tō rātou wāpu.
Nā tēnā uauatanga, tae atu ki te uaua o te takoto o te whenua me te āhua o ngā rangi, ka hūnuku kē te nuinga o aua tāngata pora ki wāhi kē noho ai.
I ēnei rā, kei te tū tonu te wāpu i Ōkahu, kua takoto anō hoki i Te Papa Atawhai ētahi ara hāereere i te taiao. He whare torutoru kei reira, tae atu ki ētahi wheketere ika e rua, ko tētahi mō te kōura, ko tētahi mō ērā atu tūmomo ika. Ko te mahi kōura tētahi o ngā ahumahi nui i Ōkahu, mahi ai ngā ringa hopu kōura i tā rātou mahi i ngā marama katoa o te tau.
Kāore he whakaruruhau mō te tira mahi kōura – kei wē moana e ākina ana e te hau, e te tai. Nō reira, kei a Tāwhirimātea te tikanga ina taea te puta atu ki te mahi, ina mōrearea rawa rānei, ka mate te noho ki uta, tatari ai.
I ngā rā e taea ana te mahi kōura, ka moata tonu te tīmata. Ka tae atu ngā ringa kōura i te atapō tonu, i te takiwā o te rima o ngā hāora.
Ka āhua 100 kiromita te rere whakatetonga ki te wāhi o te takutai kei reira ngā tāruke i tukuna i te rā o mua atu. Ka tōia ake, ā, me he kōura i roto, ka tangohia mai, ā, ka hoatu he māunu hou, kātahi ka tukuna anō ki te poho o Hinemoana.
Ko ēnei tira mahi kōura anake pea te hunga e kite ana i te ātaahua o te tahatika i tēnei wāhi o Aotearoa.
Ka tōia ake ngā tāruke ki te taura maitai, ā, ko ngā kōura ka riro mai, ka puritia ki ētahi pouaka mātao kei raro i te rahoraho o te waka.
I te putanga mai i te tāruke, ka inea ngā kōura kia kitea ai mehemea e whakaaetia ana e te ture – me 54mm te whānui o te hiku o te toa, me 60mm tō te uwha. Ā, mō ngā uwha, ka puritia anake ko ngā mea kāore e awhi hua ana.
Hei ōna wā anō o te tau whakamahia ai e ngā ringa hopu kōura he momo raunga atu anō, hei pupuri noa i ngā kōura ki te moana mō tētahi wā. He rahi tonu ngā pouaka maitai nei, ā, ka waiho ngā kōura ki reira mō tētahi rā kia pai ai tā rātou whakaputa i te haukini. Mehemea kāore i pērā, kua āhua rerekē te tāwara o te kiko.
Kei te takiwā o te 90–100 ngā tāruke tirohia ai e tēnei o ngā tira mahi kōura i ia haere.
Kua tīmata kē te tītaha haere o te rā, ka ū anō tō rātou waka ki te wāpu. Kua haere atu ō rātou hoamahi o uta ki te tūtaki i a rātou, ā, ki te āwhina ki te neke i ngā paepae kōura ki uta.
Haria atu ana ngā kōura ki te wheketere iti e tatari mai rā i te tahamoana. I reira ka inea te rahinga i mau, ā, ka tukuna ki ētahi hōpua.
Kātahi ka kawea atu ki ngā wāhi hokohoko o Aotearoa me tāwāhi, ka mutu e ora tonu ana i te hokonga atu.
He whai taunahatanga ika ngā ringa hopu kōura nei, ā, e mahi ana i tā rātou mahi puta noa i te tau kia eke ai te rahinga ka mau ki tērā i taunahatia mā rātou. Heoi anō, i ōna wā anō o te tau ka huhua ake te kōura, ka pai ake anō hoki te āhua o te kiko, ā, i aua wā ka nui ake i te utu hoko i te mākete. Kia eke te rahi o te kōura ka mau ki tā te taunahatanga e tohu ana, kua tahuri te hunga nei ki te whakatikatika i ngā waka me ngā taputapu, me te whakariterite i a rātou mō te tau hou.
Ngā Mihi
Ngā mihi mahana ki a rātou mā kua tautoko mai, ki a Shane Nyhon me ngā kaimahi i runga i te Southern Legend.
Kaiwhakamāori: Hēni Jacob.
Kaihoahoa: Spencer Levine.
I whakaputaina tēnei pukapuka i te tau 2013
mō te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga e HANA Limited,
Pouaka Poutāpeta 12 594, Thorndon,
Te Whanganui-a-Tara 6144, Aotearoa.
Ngā kōrero © Hana Pōmare.
Nā Simon Wi Rutene © ngā whakaahua kei te uhi me ngā whārangi 1, 3 (taha matau), 6 (taha mauī), 7, 9, 11, 13, 14; nā Hana Pōmare © ngā whakaahua kei ngā whārangi 4, 5, 8, 10, 12; nā Ellie May Logan © te whakaahua kei te whārangi 2.
Nā te Alexander Turnbull Library te whakaahua kei te whārangi 3 – taha mauī – (Men setting a crayfish pot. Hargreaves, Frederick Ashby, 1854– 1946: Collection of photographic prints and negatives. Ref 1/1-002601-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22818826).
Nā te Manatū Ahu Matua te mahere kei te whārangi 6 – taha matau) – (Te Manatū Ahu Matua. Spiny Rock Lobster QMAs. NABIS, Internet mapping of New Zealand’s marine environment, species distributions and fisheries management. 9th October 2013. From www2.nabis.govt.nz/map.aspx?topic=Fish).
Tēnei pukapuka © Te Karauna.
Kia pūmau te mana. Ngā tono katoa ki te kaiwhakaputa i te pukapuka.
Nama take 710878.
ISBN 1-877422-72-X.
